These controversies concerning the relationships amongst citizenship pressure, OCBs and CCBs may be due to the ways that OCBs are measured. Within the literature, OCBs have usually been defined as spontaneous behaviours and rated by colleagues or leaders (e.g.2). Other-rated measurements are struggling to establish the behavioural motivations underlying OCBs1,11. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ZsO9iQ1SGS4